Thread: Iraqi/Dinar news until March 1st, 2007

Held on Saturday, August 17 February the 13th Lot Ole long tables with large crowd of various El Ma'an Yin and those interested in the economic area and launched pattern new transactions, where got Dr. Raed Fahmi, Minister of Science and Altknolo Jia, an economist known for the completion of a working paper p n fact, the Iraqi economy, for expands in the directions economic process and automatically T. orientations and extrapolate itemized, With a large crowd of participants in various Alahtmama T. and the sectors concerned, Kaldector Subhi al-Jumaili, Undersecretary of the Ministry of Agriculture and tamping Tourah peace come Economic Adviser at the Ministry of a for women, Also attending Mr. Brak future member of the Economic Commission in the Council of Ministers, as well as academics and the heads of the economy Yeh different.

وقد :The added Dr. Raed Fahmi in the working paper T. submission of the table features an economic situation Iraqi and means to invigorate it where it is stated that :
ان كان.That was agreed by all concerned regarding Iraq j, both sons of the country. officials and citizens, bodies corporate, Or non-Iraqis. States and the flags and international organizations, governmental and non-governmental organizations, The companies and the work of researchers and scientists, it is the sheer complexity of conditions and circumstances of cruelty. and the heavy legacy of decades of despotic oppression and wars pw Ptheh economic blockade and perhaps has been unprecedented in terms of Schmognerova wish in contemporary history, devastation and destruction caused all walks of life. يضاف إلى.Add to all this terrorism brutal war waged by the terrorist e collects a variety of target pre-empt any possibility of a turnaround AT socio-political, The socio-economic in nature and the democratic national blindness s, and working for the imposition of a new tyranny under a different brand name disengagement Rayya, ideological and political systems.
وفي ظل هذه .In light of this situation, interlocking and overlapping in terms of T. a number of Iraqi political actors and external, and the repercussions of the occupation and collapse of the building who is j accompanied and followed the fall of the totalitarian system, the country has been brought before a series of overlapping functions Tto fought the rebuilding of the state on the basis of constitutional democracy federal based on the new balances between components of the Iraqi people following the collapse of the previous balances k You list since the emergence of the so-called Iraqi state limit Ith after 1921, and enable Iraq to provide conditions for the restoration of sovereignty Ilkka converted, politically, economically and security-wise, as well as the restructuring of the Iraqi economy for now disgusted towards an open market economy. وفي .In this paper intensive, we will consider only the latter aspect, the issues concerning the development of the Iraqi economy, the i Rik growth and sustainable development.
-1مرحلة الانتقالOne-stage transition
يمتلك.Iraq possesses all the ingredients to be among the States Almaz Dhrh and because his sons enjoy a standard of living and income equivalent to a middle-income countries according to a classification for accredited by international organizations, specifically, the World Bank. فهو غني ي.It is rich in natural resources, and especially in oil and water, as well as human resource, where the work force by more than seven million people, a few of them are not good, despite the rehabilitation of deterioration a large fall in the educational system in Iraq stages e different from the 1980s of the last century. .But the policies of the Principles in wars and destructive approach the totalitarian system and the economy of my orders so much corruption Wa for favoritism not only alienating these possibilities, but sent on the achievements so late insults Ainayat deepened imbalances in the structure of the economy Ara Afterward, particularly in times its agricultural productivity and Sana consciousness, and increased its profit before rot of destruction and Altak the result of the military operations and poor maintenance and the absence of new investments.
لذلك .To become a re-launch economic development and to achieve sustainable growth depends reforms uncle Eka up to the new restructuring of the Iraqi economy. وهنا .And here arises of controversial issues, opinions differ, according to the analysis tools certified and intellectual premises and, ultimately, according to the interests of groups and different social forces e expressed by these visions and attitudes.
ما هي خصائص.What are the characteristics of the stage through which Iraq is today? Et this terrorist act urgently the question in some quarters of the elite scientific and to a lesser extent among politicians who pushed into the the complexities of dealing pragmatic conditions and the inability of pain Nazomat different ideological to provide answers and adequate solutions and answers to the realities of Iraq. ن أكاديمياً.It seems that the question of citizen concerns of the scarcity of works servants AT and petroleum products, price increases and the deterioration of mother n Academics and away from these concerns. ا هذه الهمو م.This is, of course, not the case, it paves the ground for projects that address these Alhmo m.
وربما.And perhaps might not accurate to use the term phase change and summer is the case in Iraq. ف عن .Talk about the stage implies that the introductions and ends Ha-known, if not in detail, but President landmarks. وفي .In the case of Iraq, and the beginnings Almmahdat know, But mystery still surrounds the case. .Ftoaznat all levels of power are still Math thigh, and many variables, some outside influences on the internal situation, programs and projects Lineups, in the case of a Wa usually form, All of this contributes to determining the course of boat moorings Iraq and the come. .We will express phase taking into account these e reservations.
.The current phase transition and extraordinary. إلا بيِن ولابذلك.The exception does not need to be thorough in explaining the reasons and cm current situation so. (.(Uncontrolled violence and terrorism, the danger Beni State, the presence of foreign forces, ...) The transitional nature deserves close attention. والبنك .According to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, the Iraqi economy is the situation of transition from a m Rkzi my orders economy into a free market mechanisms play when the the role of the decision and the Governor. .The program of economic reform and structural adjustment saw cm map and identify the changes required to achieve this the transition. وهي :According to the World Bank, Iraq must be three types of transition, some a corollary and the other sequential, namely :
1- من مارOne-from conflict to stability, rehabilitation and Ala Mar
2- من-control of the state to market orientation
3- من .3-from an oil-dependent economy to depend on a diverse production base.
ويعني .This means descriptions, remove the obstacles and constraints to the spread and evolution may be wondered whether Azat capital joints in all the national economy. وثقل .It is worth noting in this context that the checks are not confined p I have control of the state of the economy and the weight of regulations and Lights armpit initiative, which causes the surrounding private sector activity . .Besides, operating frameworks and social infrastructure, institutional and Althaga the pre-capitalism. عقلاني (Homus economicus).We should not lose sight of the fact that the basic unit of the market economy is the freedom of the individual in making its own decisions according to m pronunciation rational (Homus economicus). الجمعيان.There is no doubt that the effectiveness and efficiency of market mechanisms adversely affected when dominates thinking and behavior Jamaian.
2- -content constraints and economic restructuring
يجب ة.We must not lose sight of analysis that the driving forces for this of the transitional phase, in its wider sense, which includes all the changes that Tin practice in the context of opening the way for the development of bilateral Slit it is not only domestic, but also come from abroad through interventions and pressure international. 1/ 2005.These take the form of aid and grants and economic programs and Lost followed different in the context devote logic and market mechanisms, But what is more important is the role played by international organizations e, and especially the International Monetary Fund, which is entrusted with the task oversee the implementation of the economic reforms program State must be under only Iraqi Tzamat of economic and financial implications in the under the SBA concluded in the 23 / 11 / 2005. وكما هو .As is known, this part of the requirement T. Paris Club agreement signed in November 21 / 11 January 2004 for the purpose of reducing Iraq's debt, This gives powerful leverage for decision-making in the field economic policy in Iraq. :The Convention aims to achieve stability Alaghtasse Valley and the creation of conditions for the achievement of sustainable growth through vocabulary the following :
• .• achieving monetary stability through control of pain offers of cash through mechanisms interest rate and exchange rate Walt j fall within the responsibility of the Central Bank. The work on controlling the rates of growth in government spending. .The control of inflation and reducing rates. through the mechanisms and instruments of monetary policy on one hand, and also the impact on the markets of goods and services.
• إزالة .• eliminating distortions in the price system, in particular, through the reduction of government support for goods and services, in particular, which provides that the factors involved in the output c, The removal of impediments to the free determination fluctuations of prices. ال .Action to combat smuggling, and especially of the oil products through higher prices gradually told convergence prices neighboring countries.
• ت• rationalize public finances by reducing expenses and Alenafqa T. manufacturing and distributive. such as support of the government and reviewing the ration card system to achieve the reduction burden on public finances. .The proposed actions variety, some include reducing the scope of coverage to focus on low-Hajj e, and reducing itemized, and raising the efficiency of the distribution, work on the conversion to cash allowances. .It is in this context the privatization program of public companies e of the State.
• • develop the role of the banking system
• Improve the governing body in the system of public administration Wa the economic management (fighting corruption, planning, referring tenders, ...)
إن .The proceeds of these reforms are activating the market mechanisms and Aza his distortions of the price system, and to achieve an environment conducive to the movement of capital and Astthm Err, and make way for the private sector to be the prime mover t economic activity. ي.And thus to raise the level of efficiency and performance of the economy of Iraq j.
وملاحظة طويل.The first observation in this regard, may seem persists, is that the International Monetary Fund mean short-term, while the issues of the bank and the medium term long. ما.Vllaul a role in achieving stability policies Alaqet Assadi, The World Bank in its task of helping to achieve projects which provide conditions and the requirements of development and may Humane The production in the country. البشرية.As drafts of infrastructure and human resource training. أي أنولي.No, that the objectives and activities of the impact on the structures Alant Wagey, and therefore assumed that the role of the President in a usually restructuring, while the task due to the IMF's father Crown.
But the most important issue in relation to the conditions of the success of any program a usually economic restructuring Any economic policy impacts broad social. .Vlmthel social cost of these programs in the stage, Ntakalih and while the fruit begins to appear, in addition to the fact that any structural change effects on the pattern of distribution of a the wealth and income in the community. التغيير.So is what the success of the program is to achieve structural change the extent of compromise and consensus on the program of change. وهذه .This is a task of a political-social rather than economic only. وإذا.And if there are segments of broad social and influential in the application of a the program increases the economic difficulties and robs Ha economic rights gained compounded by the absence of uncertainty and anxiety, it will face the opposition and protest movements e take different forms. ومنالأطر.Hence the importance that such programs are subject to the express recognition debate p, and particularly by the people's representatives in the House of Representatives as well as M. n before representatives of the various social forces, as representatives of workers and employers and civil society pain Dennie, in addition to the provincial assemblies and other frameworks. وتؤكد .The experiences of such programs in other countries You e truth.
وفي حالة.In the case of Iraq, There is no doubt that the measures and projects on the card Supply and government support price derivatives stricken words and Mia, The privatization of state-owned companies within the issues must be subject to public debate to achieve convictions Almsht thigh.
في عليها.To that becomes the ultimate goals of any reform, it is necessary to be included in the strategic development of a national e Agreed. وا لاصلاح.Iraq has declared already strategic national development in the T. Shereen II in 2004, The long-term priorities for reconstruction Wa to reform. فيهاشفاف.It is based on the vision of the private sector played a role hinted Donna President enjoys the public sector actor and transparent. وثمة لها.There is a need to discuss this among our strategic outlook again Fe strategic sectoral them. .The new debate is necessary in order to achieve a broader consensus on x Yaratha, and if need be checked, , as well as enrich the perceptions of many about the contents of the reform needed. وقد .The need arose for such a debate. Specifically, a strategic plan, when discussing the draft budget in the House of Representatives of the only Sabia years. اند فيه.For all these issues and the crucial role of decision in the form of foundations Dreamland Magna global economy, and our position in it.
3- تصاديةThree-economic diversification of the productive base
لم .Not without any strategic economic plan in Iraq, since 1970s, the goal of reducing dependence on oil and diversify a rule productivity. ولكننا ت.But today more dependent on oil than ever HS j, It represents more than 90% of the budget resources pw the nation, and about 70% of GDP , and 98% of exports.
وأسباب هذا.The reasons for this failure is due to the large premium policies wrong adopted in the proceeds of a disposition of funds the oil and allow the mechanisms and effects of oil rents Alagh Tassadeh-social to do in its economy and community foundations, turning to the Iraqi economy to a yield economy, it subsided productive activities, The intense when those activities which seek to make Might j larger share of the rent without creating added value to the economy National. والدو الريعيةTo pause at the notion of rentier economy Waldo it rentier
أ.A. مفهوم ةThe concept rentier economy and the rentier state
شهدتالفسا د.Most of Petroleum Exporting Countries, a series of economic and social phenomena and Els Jasih negative interrelated termed "Ba the perverse effects of rent (PERVERT EFFECTS), "Kalhd R. inflation and the exchange rates of their currencies and the growing Alvo thinner and social stagnation in the political structures and Soup e achieving political and economic reforms and inflation devices bureaucracy and the decline of agricultural production and proliferation consumer behavior and the spread of the rentier Alvesa d. 1977 أطلقت.At 1977 hours the British magazine The Economist the term "Dutch disease", the proportion to the impact of gas production in the North Sea on Alagh caught Dutch, the group phenomena inhibiting the growth of the economy homeland j caused by the sudden and significant increase in proceeds machines Yeh from abroad, which used to receive and dispose of them by the State.
أفراد ، معين.In all these cases they considered "profits" (RENTIER state) and that the State was receiving the SIM PSV regular amounts of rent space mission, intended to rent space dividend paid by individuals , companies or foreign governments to individuals or companies Governments or to a particular country. ونلاحظ انأخرى.We note that this definition of rent does not exceed the rent only oil, but that does not require that the State of the States rents e profits. although the situation is the most widespread control of the State A. Mention of rent me whether or oil and export of a Ward Les again.
ويلاحظ .He notes that this definition of revenue for the state does not rentier The economic rent procedure, not only profit from the extraordinary pw Iha government restrictions for some segments and activities Alagh Tassadeh, limitations on imports for example, while allowing merchants a for obtaining the import leave because their profits monopoly often forced to abandon part of a me State officials in the form of bribes, it will also include royalties, which are "collected" Bal violence or the threat of violence by the state, some agencies or governmental or quasi-governmental or T. enjoyed the protection of influential circles in the State.
فيه .The concept of the economy rentier economy to a or the one who relies to a great extent based on spending stricken words Lome, where rents will play a key role in it. وفي هذا منه.In this context, using the general concept of royalty, which called on all income of offset a productive activity of the party, which also receives The volume and pace of this income flow is not directly linked BUNCH pertaining to the beneficiary. فمن .It is characteristic of the rentier income schizophrenia Ilaq e between work and beneficial, This feature and find concrete expression in the weak and dwindling income producing activities than those generated by activities based on speculation (in the real estate and Alao refined financial and currency) and Mediations generate commissions rewarding and trade based on the location of monopoly or quasi monopoly in the market. و يعتبر .The rentier economy, "the ideal format" for Aghtassa d circulation, as competing individuals and groups, Even the State, in order to control the rents. د.Almost most economic activities and means of fully Yen recycling income or turning instead to be governed, but Okeh relevant to the nature of productivity create added value for Aghtassa d.
وفي.In the case of Iraq, together the phenomenon that usually accompany the economy yield with the policies of the devastating tornado regime to make it economical Mazuma disrupted by the effects Allen mo and development.
ب.B. وسائلللريع النفطيThe means of reducing the negative effects of oil royalties
ويساعد .Helps understand the mechanisms and effects of the rent fee Alcasa T. economic policies. الدلية.Valeria oil resources in the form of the flow of hard currency e enter the Iraqi economy and affect in the context of a mechanism to not b about discuss details. the exchange rate of the dinar and actual value, Hence the relative prices between sectors Alaghtassa he had various be to the detriment of the productive sectors open to international competition. ويؤدي ذلك .And eventually lead to the transfer of resources to the cat lighters naturally protected from competition, industries such as construction, The inland transport services and others. This is reflected in the tendency to reduce activities Sana consciousness, agricultural and others. الاجتماعية المحسوبيةRents also affects the social and behavioral help p I spread of favoritism
والفساد.And corruption. الدولة.The fact that the political power to rent happen Nah big economic force encourages authoritarian tendencies inflation and organs of the State. لذا به.Why is rent a disabling of democracy unless taking institutional controls for the proper disposal of the Congo by.
ومن ر منتجة.In economic terms, oil is already economically depleted. must use permit to convert it into a production assets Yeh renewed, and not disposed of as expenditure on goods or neighbor - productive. .This is supposed to be allocated the bulk of the oil revenues for the purposes Wallace Tthmarih. .This is what happened in the light of the age in the 1950s, and the early 1960s when it devoted 75 and then 50% m Nha to the investment budget.
إن الريع:To address the rent must be conducted at several levels :
1.1. .Contain its effects on the exchange rate and the value of the dinar, and through appropriate monetary policy. واللافتن يعادله أو يضبطه.It is noteworthy in this regard that the dinar's value goes surpassed AT reaction toward rent instead of equivalent or set. .It is intended to lift the value of the Iraqi dinar that j Zeid from consumer spending on imported goods and raising the relative prices of locally produced goods and the detriment of thus competitiveness.
2.2. إخضاعالضيقةDecision is subject to dispose of the oil revenue oversight of democratic and isolated as much as possible from politicians psychotropic Yeh and situational narrow political calculations
3.3. منه.Work on increasing proportions of the allocation of the budget Alastth Marais, and to secure a broader social benefit from it. ملك للشعب.In this regard, the Constitution stipulates that oil wealth belongs to the people. ويدور .And there is a debate about the interpretation of this text. .Who owns this wealth? Is it the State by the High people? Or that allowed private ownership of the oil fields and to distribute the proceeds of the citizens? What is the formula Alafeda l for distribution in the circumstances of Iraq? through the budget year e or directly to citizens according to different formulas?. ونقاش.How is the sharing of wealth between the center and regions? Hoses z find elements of these questions are answered in the Constitution and others need to discuss and debate. .And all of these questions will be of interest when the draft s Unwin oil.
الحل The radical solution to cope with the impacts of oil rents lies in presentations god obstacles to the establishment and growth of productive activities. in industry, agriculture, and other advanced services. وما ة؟What must be determined by the strategic outlook development. whether it is unleashing orientation of the economy Her s and the liberalization of trade can help to achieve this diversity in the bottom this economic, What is the role that must be played by the state? The question is a for more on this matter, What is the most appropriate combination between the private and public sectors , in addition to other sectors, combined, The cooperative, in order to stimulate productive activities, producers and enable Iraqis to develop their production and Tajithm to be able to compete with father and Why?
يقالThat question was appropriate is half the answer, Therefore it is necessary to work to ask the appropriate questions, especially with regard is the role of the State Economic , and the possibilities and limits of market mechanisms, The different forms of ownership, The relationship between centralization and decentralization, and others. The transition to a market economy a term of art that seems neutral great social, It focuses on the provision of the terms of efficiency in the use of a guide the economic resources. But as attractive and coherent in a constructive Almf Homi abstract, but when the transition to visual reality, rise to the surface a range of issues. The relationship between the state and the market is not as Altar Deh severe put. In the current circumstances, there is no market in Iraq apply for the necessary conditions to be competitive and efficient in directing resources. In addition to the lack of security, absence of transparency. and equal conditions between the economic players, The distortions in the price structure. And playing the role of the State in institution-building and to provide frameworks of legislative and administrative organization played a key role in Tmki n the market mechanism to exercise its role. As for the role of the state into production. answers from the World Bank itself, as he says in his report a for the last resort, Many of the State-owned companies have denominated AT restore profitability and will continue to create major source fled Al new job. As for the private sector, Both worked on the Iraqi economy, Aemtlk recognizes that the potential to become the prime mover of the mainstay of the national economy and development. However, this possibility does not doubt the future will evolve, in conjunction with the success in restoring security and stability and the development of institutional building and improve management. In this context it will play a public-private partnership General and in different formats, each will develop, one of paths to achieve faster structural changes the required. But one can not dispense with the role of the state, not necessarily through direct ownership, to enable Iraq to build its own in the fields require large capital and the level of risk of slamming private sector. This applies to the infrastructure and industries sweaters Leger, research and development and other .

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